The BBC used ethnographic research to inspire and inform their Audio & Music team, as they design new services for young people aged 13-18.

How do young people find new music? What do they do with it? What technology gets used and why? Rather than statistics or abstract trend statements, the BBC Future Media and Technology department wanted vivid examples and concrete insights about the user base they were designing for. They asked Flow to help them.

Learning about people's lives

We worked with four different target groups, which we named The Gamers, The Streetwise Teens, The Social DJs and the Indie Teens. Each group had three members – all close friends with each other.

We worked through 4 activities with them over the course of a few weeks:

• Group sessions
• Diaries
• Shadowing
• Follow-up interviews

Shadowing means spending time participating in each person’s day-to-day life. Our ethnographers enjoyed a night out in Camden with two 18 year-olds, some live gaming on the Xbox with a 14 year-old boy in his bedroom, gossiping with two 16 year-old girls at their home and a lesson about hip-hop dance from a 17 year-old dancer. The insights from experiences like this go much deeper than surveys and focus groups ever can.

Sharing what we learned

We had workshops with the BBC team all the way through the project. This let the team hear discoveries "as they happened" and be inspired to ask new questions. The research team were about to direct their enquiry towards the areas which our clients thought looked the most fruitful.

The final results were written up in a highly-visual, 80-page book. The goal was for people all over the BBC to engage with the study so we made sure that the results were presented in an interesting and visual way. The report was publicised in Ariel, the BBC’s internal newspaper.

Observations

I asked Jude Rattle, the lead consultant on the project, what she had learned from the study. “All sorts of things that you can’t mention in a blog post,” she told me. “But a few that you can.”

“Sharing music with friends is an important social activity. In the 70s and 80s young people made mix tapes. Now MP3s get swapped from phone to phone whenever people feel like it. But there’s a twist. The DRM mechanisms designed to stop digital piracy also stop people from engaging in that key social behaviour. So a lot of our participants had an added incentive to seek out pirate MP3s on Limewire: the file they got would be readily shareable.”

“People often think that young people are universally brilliant with technology, but they are not. In our study we found that teens will go to great lengths to use technology that does things that are important for them. But there are other things that older users might take for granted, which teens don’t know how to do. For example, some of our participants did not know how to burn a CD, even though they did know how to copy an MP3 onto a mobile phone’s memory card or Bluetooth it to a friend.”

Giving innovators an edge

Imagining the future is hard. Designing future products and services that will be discovered and adopted is harder still. In large organisations, design teams can easily become far removed from the people they are designing for. To stand a chance, they must have rich detail about what their target users actually do, what they like and what they need.

Ethnography helped the BBC to connect with teenagers as they consume music – and gave them practical insights that they can use as a basis for innovation.

Seedcamp is a week-long event where young entrepreneurs come together with advisors and investors to put together viable start-up businesses. Flow will be there to provide user experience advice to the teams.

Venture capitalists know a thing or two about investments. Which is why user experience is one of the factors involved in seedcamp. For interactive projects, user-centred design reduces risk and increases returns.

User centred design techniques dramatically reduce the risks associated with innovating and launching new products. After all, if you've worked with your target users throughout the design process, you should feel pretty comfortable that you've made something your customers will buy.

As well as reducing risk, designing a good user experience boosts returns.The effort and money you put into research, concept and design will be paid back many times over through increased conversion and usage, a stronger brand and reduced customer acquisition costs.

Some of the literature quotes typical returns on investment at several hundred percent. It's entirely believable. In some situations, a simple usability test, or a piece of insight from the field, can prevent a key problem that would stop users from adopting an new interactive product.

Shrink to fit

Start-up ventures don't have much to invest. That's ok: the process doesn't have to be difficult or expensive. User-centred design techniques shrink to fit. You can perform basic user research with friends and family. Sketch prototypes are easy to create with just a pen and paper. You can perform rapid iterative usability tests in just a few days. When Flow worked with Moo Print during its start-up phase, the team powered through five design iterations in a week.

The point is though, that like any investment if you put nothing in, you'll get nothing back.

So here's our investment advice for all 22 teams at seedcamp. Focus on understanding your users' needs, motivations and real-world behaviours. Then use your insights to help you design and deliver the right user experience. Payback won't be far behind.

Observing target customers in their homes or while they shop can provide the insights you need to build a better website - and a better multichannel experience.

I wrote this article about cross-channel ethnography for Internet Retailing Magazine earlier this year. I'll be talking about this topic at the Internet Retailing event in October.

Insight to innovation: The power of cross-channel ethnography

When Bronislaw Malinowski decided to study the habits and culture of the natives of the Trobriand Islands in the South Pacific during his exile in the First World War, little could he have imagined that the techniques he developed to learn about other cultures would be used to revolutionise the marketing and sales of consumer goods and services. However, this is exactly what is happening.

Ethnography, once confined to academic research departments has, over the last 20-30 years, become a widely used and powerful research technique for companies seeking to improve how they market and sell to customers. They have even turned the lens on themselves to improve how they manage their own businesses.

More recently, the desire to provide compelling multi-channel customer experiences that lure customers away from competitors has become the holy grail for many retailers. However, there is a noticeable gap between the precision with which research is used to understand customer behaviour offline and how it is applied in the design of online stores.

This gap is closing, however. As online retailing enters the mainstream, multi-channel retailers are investing more to improve the quality and effectiveness of their online stores. They are also looking for ways to build customer loyalty in a world where technology is making customers more and more promiscuous. Cross-channel ethnography is one of the tools retailers are turning to for insight.

The trouble with websites...

"Well, I can't really tell what the phone looks like from the picture...", said Katie, a participant in a recent usability study for one of the UK's leading mobile operators. "I would go to a shop at this point, before I make a decision".

From a research point of view, this is not surprising behaviour. It has long been understood that ... Read more

Freemans has launched its new website, delivering a state-of-the-art online customer experience. Flow was pleased and proud to help them on the project.

Freemans understood that the right user experience would increase visits, sales and repeat business. But to deliver those benefits with minimal risk you need a user-centred design process. So we started our engagement with Freemans by creating a user-centred design project plan, then got started on the first step - research.

Research

Paul Heath was Flow's lead consultant on the project. I asked him about the research phase. "The research told us what users think and feel, and the kinds of experiences they encounter when they are shopping online and offline. We also undertook a competitive analysis of the fashion sector and an expert evaluation of the Freemans site."

"All of this data let us understand and priotitise the project requirements effectively. But it also let us innovate new ways for customers to interact with the site. During the concept phase, our understanding of our customers' ideal shopping experience let us create... Read more

Flow helped the Training and Development Agency to build a user experience roadmap for their website and create a user experience scorecard for measuring its success.

Ethnographic approaches, such as contextual enquiry and experience labs, help organisations understand their target customers needs, behaviours and motivations. To get really insightful discoveries, researchers immerse themselves as deeply as possible in the lives or jobs of a limited sample of target users and try to discover what those people really think and need.

On the other end of the spectrum lies automated quantitative usability testing. Here you never see your users at all. But you get accurate measurements of how successful they are at achieving key tasks on your site. Gaining a quantitative understanding of your website's performance lets you chart your site's improvement over time, and identify where it could be performing better.

Ethnographic techniques tell you what your users want to do. Quantitative testing tells you how many of them are managing to do it.

And often, successful UX strategies will combine the two. Our project for the TDA did.

Building a UX strategy for the TDA

We began by conducting contextual research with people from the TDA's 7 target user groups - including teachers, support staff and school leaders. We gathered stories of actual experiences that they had lived through, and the sequences of activities they had engaged in. We also played some simple participatory design games with them to bring out ideas for the "ideal" TDA website.

With a separate sample, we usability tested the existing website. Using a huge quantity of sticky notes, the researchers put all the data together and analysed it. They uncovered a selection of 70-80 tasks that the different target groups needed to perform on the website. (We also discovered that there were really only 4 groups with different needs, rather than 7).

Next came a "task matrix". For each task, we identified:

• The audiences who do it
• Related tasks or sub tasks
• Triggers that cause someone to engage in the task at a certain point (events like assessments, deadlines, changes in staff)
• Target web pages where useful information would be found.

Straight away, this let us see where there were improvements to be made. If we struggled to find suitable target pages, or if the information or findability of a target page seemed poor, we knew we had an opportunity to improve things.

To take us beyond expert opinion, we also used the TDA's web analytics data. We checked how many people were visiting each target page, and assessed that figure in relation to task importance and audience group size. That gave us additional evidence about whether pages we easy to find or not.

Finally, we worked with stakeholders to assess the effort needed to improve the website for each task. Plotting each task on a chart of priority versus effort (for users and for the organisation) gave us a solid roadmap: small, high-value changes first; larger changes later.

User experience scorecard

To make it easier to measure and chart improvement in the site's UX, we set up a user experience scorecard using UserZoom.

UserZoom performs automated remote usability testing. It asks a quantitative sample of target users to try doing certain tasks, gathers clickstream data and quizzes them to check comprehension and attitude. The scorecard treats user tasks as key performance indicators of the site's user experience. The TDA is running benchmark UserZoom studies every six months, and the results are being fed onto an interactive dashboard.

The scorecard will help the TDA team to monitor the impact on the user experience as they work through the steps on their UX roadmap.

Flow's team: Mary Henley, Anthony Mace, Claire Mitchell, Leisa Reichelt, Sarah Herman, Pav Chahal, Nick Bowmast, Vanessa Kirby, conducted the research. Karen Wall looked after the client relationship.

The Transport for London website team's dedication to user centred design has helped make their site a leader in the public sector.

A recent report from the Public Accounts Committee has been critical of the way that UK government websites are designed and managed. But TfL.gov.uk, the Transport for London website, was one of the few cited for good practice and performance. It's no real surprise: the TfL team really understand the value of listening to customers, and designing for their needs.

Sometimes, we're pleased to say, TfL hire Flow to help them.

What London travellers really need

TFL's flagship offering is Journey Planner. Back in 2006, we helped TFL research and design the mobile travel alerts element of the service. Designing personalisation features for a website is never easy - because most of the time, people don't want to personalise. We all just want the website to do what we need with minimal effort.

Flow ran experience labs: one-to-one sessions with a range of different people. The lab sessions focussed on digging out the reality of London travellers' needs, motivations and behaviours.

A key technique was retrospective accounts: we gathered detailed stories about what people really did in specific situations. So rather than asking "what do you think about travel in London" we asked things like "Tell me how you got to this interview today," and "tell me about the last time something went wrong with your commute to work." To keep the conversation fun and manageable, we also collaborated with the respondents to create pictures, lists and timelines using sticky notes and marker pens.

Once we understood user needs, we could identify a service that people would really like. The travel alerts system lets you identify the routes you are interested in (typically the ones you commute on every day), and get travel alerts for those routes at specific times. We defined the concept, worked with TFL to create wireframes, then fine tuned them with two iterations of usability testing.

TfL personalised travel alerts: Prototype and live site.

Practical commitment to customers

Since then we've helped TfL research and optimise all sorts of things from the Oyster Fastload process to the London Transport museum website. And since communicating with travellers is a multichannel activity we've even run iterative usability testing in London Underground stations - quite a challenge.

Now approaching...

Flow is now working with TfL on a strategic project to map out the future for the website, and we're basing the process on user research.

To improve on the experience labs methodology, we're asking our research subjects to fill in diaries. We're catching reports of travel experiences while people are travelling, then following up on the details in the lab afterwards. From there we'll be using a scenario-based approach to map out what people's travel experience and identify the TfL website's optimal role.

The finished site will offer London's travellers an even more useful, usable and appealing travel experience.

We were excited to hear the that the National Express East Coast website has been short-listed for the National Transport Awards. We have to wait until July to find out if we've won though.

Flow worked Atos Origin and Splendid on the project. We know customers love it - let's hope the judges do too.

For cost-effective air travel, everyone thinks of easyJet. But easyJet also offers hotel booking, car hire and travel insurance. Helping customers to discover those newer offerings, and come to associate them with the easyJet brand is not straightforward. Bolting hotel and car hire offers onto a flight checkout process doesn’t do them justice, and can look like “hard sell”.

Flow and Splendid (our favourite visual design agency), working with Microsoft, recently undertook a user-centred design project for easyJet. They wanted to explore whether rich applications could be used to increase the number of flights booked, build customer loyalty and expand those newer revenue streams.

We started with user research, created user personas and mapped out their travel lifecycles. The concepts and detailed designs were usability tested with target users, and iteratively improved based on the feedback.

The Flow/Splendid team implemented a proof-of-concept for easyJet using its new Silverlight technology and users told us in the tests that the results are really compelling.

Microsoft made a video case study of the project which was featured on the MIX08 conference website. Take a look. There are interviews with Flow, easyJet and Splendid as well as some screen shots of the actual application.

When and where you want to go

We worked with individual target website users in our labs and got them to map out their most recent travel booking experiences with paper, pens and sticky notes. We created 3 personas, each with their own lifecycle diagram, to sum up target user needs, behaviours and motivations in a way that the whole team could relate to easily.

Research showed us that the easyJet site catered well for people who knew where they wanted to go and knew when they wanted to travel. So to increase the site’s appeal we focussed on design for other groups:

• People who know where they want to go, but not when. They need help finding the cheapest flight, possibly in the space of several weeks/months ahead.
• People who don't know where they want to go, but know roughly when. They need to compare destinations and prices.
• People who don't know where, and don't know when. They need to find advice and inspiration.

Research also emphasised some design drivers that we seen time and again when designing travel site.

• People value honesty about the fares, and facilities to compare prices across a range of destinations and dates.
• People are really hungry for information about their possible destinations. They will happily digest a lot of content.

Fare-finding and destination-finding

Flow's strategy was to provide users with a more integrated experience addressing their whole travel lifecycle, rather than trying to add on other products during checkout. The final proof of concept included:

• A fare finder that gives you the total price for your party, and lets you flip through different dates easily without resubmitting a query.
• A chart that helps you find the cheapest dates to travel if you’re sure of your destination.
• A destination finder that shows destinations on a map based on criteria you choose, including activities, dates and budgets.
• Rich destination information - text, video, photos and maps in a full screen format all helped to give a real feeling for what a visit to each destination would be like.

To top it off, we designed a streamlined booking process, to ensure that the user experience stayed good right to the end.

By the time we reached the last round of user testing there were few surprises. Our tests showed that users liked the full screen video guide, the clarity of the flight details and the transparent pricing. The simplified flight booking process went down very well too.

Paul Curtis, head of application architecture at easyJet had this to say.

”We were really keen that what we built was what our customers want so we’ve got something really good to build on for the future. Working with Splendid and Flow enabled us to use a user-centred design approach.
We’re really excited about what this new interface will do for us.[..] For us as a business it's about increasing customer conversion and we really feel that with these new technologies and this new customer experience we’ll be able to do that.”

Congratulations to the team: Peter Otto, Beau Ginbey (Splendid), Claire Mitchell, Catherine Pierce and our Director of User Experience, Ian Worley. Thanks, also, to Splendid and Microsoft!

The Equality and Human Rights Commission asked Flow to research and design an accessible website for them. But this wasn't your run of the mill accessibility project. The Commission's site had to set a world-wide example for accessibility and inclusivity.

Everyone at Flow really understands the importance of inclusive and standards-compliant design. It allows more people to access more of your information or services more of the time. So working on a project like this was a great opportunity to show how things should be done.

We were collaborating with Parity (development) and 35Communications (brand and visuals). From Flow's side the bulk of the project work was handled by Dan Taarin, and he was assisted by Pete Gale and Leisa Reichelt. Well done to all!

Inclusive design

Flow and the Commission agreed that just considering technical accessibility and WCAG compliance was not going to be enough. We had to understand the needs and challenges of people in all sorts of different situations, and design a site from the ground up to address them. To make this a reality, we stuck to a number of key principles:

• Design for accessibility from the outset, rather than trying to retrofit accessibility later
• Accept inclusive design requirements as qualities rather than limitations to design
• Use tried and tested IA, UI, writing, and visual design solutions
• Bear in mind what can be achieved with standards-compliant coding to ensure accessibility - especially on forms, navigation and document structure
• Use plain and simple English as an accessibility factor throughout the UI design and content.

A key part of the approach was to use inclusive personas. By creating target personas with a very demanding range of requirements and abilities, the design team made sure that their designs were inclusive from the ground up.

Inclusive research

We created a simple prototype, initially in paper and later in powerpoint. This was tested with target users and evolved into an interactive prototype using clickable jpegs to simulate a web site user experience. In total, we undertook three rounds of testing to help us expand and improve the design. A fourth round was reserved for testing the accessibility of the site, when it was nearly ready to launch.

To ensure that the site really did meet the needs of the broadest audience, we recruited users for the testing to meet Equality Impact Assessment standards. Our recruitment criteria ensured real diversity in age, gender, sexual orientation, religion and belief and race. We also worked with lots of different people with disabilities, including blind people, people with learning, perceptual or comprehension difficulties, deaf people and also people with motor difficulties. Finally we addressed geographical location within the UK and worked with welsh/english/non-native-english language speakers Welsh and English speakers, as well as people for whom English is not their first language.

Unifying the information architectures of the three legacy commissions into a single, inclusive new website took took 3.5 months and it launched in October 2007.

Take a look and see what you think. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com

Crocus.co.uk is the leading online nursery in the UK. They’ve just launched their new website, with a focus on customer experience, and a great new IA. They are getting wonderful customer feedback...

'Oh my gosh! How cool is that??! So much better… the best, even! Hurray! The drop-down menus provide loads of inspiration. It's a great system. I LOVED using it!'

We're proud to say that Flow was part of the project. And we think it's interesting for two reasons:

• The site is an enjoyable, inspirational online experience designed to deliver an emotional connection and brand loyalty.
• The site provides an easy-to-use facetted browse, to help customers find the right plants, whatever their selection criteria.

Three experience-based sales strategies

To capture the joy of gardening, and build an emotional connection with customers, Crocus needed to offer an experience to match the typical gardener's needs, motivations and behaviours. It turned out that there were three types of gardener....

• Experts: They want full control and lots of information.
• Task-based gardeners: Want to focus on specific tasks, like building a pond or getting ready for Autumn.
• Aspirational gardeners: They want to "get the look" that they saw in a magazine.

So the site needs to include meaningful content and navigation for all three types.

The "what's your style?" section of the site presents a selection of different garden styles, allowing aspirational gardeners to explore and day dream. There are "jobs for the week" and "right plant, right place" for the task based gardeners. And the search box and A-Z allow experts to pull up detailed information quickly, along with suggestions and inspiration.

To help all the different gardeners find the right plants for their needs, the site also provides a facetted browse.

Iterative design and simple facets

Facetted browsing is an increasingly popular way to help customers find products within a large selection. The idea is to let people narrow down their choices by selecting from a range of criteria in any order, until they see a manageable product list. On Crocus.co.uk the criteria include things like flower colour or soil type.

Information architects love the power of facetted classifications. But our research told us that they can be very hard for customers to really use.

We knew a difficult interface wouldn’t boost sales, so Flow ran several iterations of testing with target users to look for an answer. The research provided inspiration: we merged the part of the interface where you select the criteria with the part that displays the criteria you have already selected. Suddenly, users told us, it all made a lot more sense. (We picked up some other tips along the way and we'll do a post or a paper about it soon).

Happy customers, bright prospects

Results from Crocus.co.uk’s post-launch survey have been very positive. The new site helps customers see a wider range of products, make informed choices, and really enjoy the experience of buying plants online.

92% of respondents said the homepage was better than before.

'Made me want to look further - some web sites are so "busy" that it puts you off and you don't want to go further'

And the facetted browse received an overwhelmingly positive response:

'I looked for plants for dry shade using right plant right place - it was very easy to use'

Sales stats are still in the pipeline. But user feedback gives us confidence that there will be a significant uplift.

'[The best thing about the new site?] Being able to see how to get to everything that is available. This really wasn't very clear on the old site.'

[UX Team: Ian Worley, Anthony Mace, Peter Otto, Karen Wall. Nice Job!]